Chapter 1: Computer System

🔹 Data Transfer in Computer System

Data moves between CPU, primary memory, and secondary memory using buses.
Types of buses:

Data Bus: Transfers actual data (bi‑directional).
Address Bus: Transfers memory addresses (uni‑directional).
Control Bus: Transfers control signals (uni‑directional).

Memory Controller: Manages flow of data into/out of main memory.

🔹 Data vs Information

Data: Raw, unorganized facts (not sufficient for decision‑making).
Information: Organized, contextual, meaningful data (sufficient for decision‑making).

🔹 Types of Data

Structured Data: Organized in predefined format (tables, databases).
Unstructured Data: No fixed format (audio, video, text docs, social media posts).
Semi‑structured Data: Loosely organized with tags/markers (XML, JSON, CSV, emails).

🔹 Data Handling

Data Capturing: Gathering data from sources (keyboard, sensors, social media).
Data Storage: Saving data in files/databases; requires large servers in organizations.
Data Retrieval: Fetching stored data for processing; speed is crucial.
Data Deletion & Recovery: Deleted data can sometimes be recovered if not overwritten.

🔹 Microprocessors

Definition: CPU implemented on a single chip.
Built on integrated circuits with millions of transistors.
Can process millions of instructions per millisecond.
Generations:

1st (1971–73): 4/8 bit, Intel 8080.
2nd (1974–78): 8 bit, Intel 8085.
3rd (1979–80): 16 bit, Intel 8086.
4th (1981–95): 32 bit, Intel 80386.
5th (1995–present): 64 bit, multicore (Pentium, Xeon).

Specifications:

Word Size: Bits processed at a time (8, 16, 32, 64).
Memory Size: Max memory supported (up to exabytes today).
Clock Speed: Pulses per second (Hz → GHz).
Cores: Units inside CPU (dual‑core, quad‑core, octa‑core).

🔹 Microcontrollers

Definition: Small computing device with CPU, RAM, ROM, I/O ports on one chip.
Used for specific tasks (washing machines, remotes, microwaves).
Automates repetitive tasks without human intervention.

🔹 Programming Tools

Low‑level language: Machine language (0s and 1s), Assembly language.
High‑level language: Human‑readable (Python, C, C++).
Language Translators:

Compiler: Converts whole program at once.
Interpreter: Converts line by line.
Assembler: Converts assembly language to machine code.

Program Development Tools:

Text Editor: Write source code.
IDE: Integrated environment with editor, compiler, debugger.

🔹 Software

Definition: Set of instructions that operate hardware.
Types:

System Software: OS, device drivers, utilities.
Programming Tools: Compilers, interpreters, IDEs.
Application Software: General purpose (MS Word, Photoshop) or customized (school ERP).

Software Usage Types:

Freeware, Open Source, Proprietary, Shareware.

🔹 Operating System Interfaces

Command‑based: Text commands (MS‑DOS, Unix).
GUI: Icons, menus (Windows, Mac).
Touch‑based: Smartphones, tablets.
Voice‑based: Siri, Cortana.
Gesture‑based: Gaming, medical devices.

🔹 Functions of Operating System

Process Management: Handles multiple tasks.
Memory Management: Allocates/frees memory.
File Management: Creates, updates, deletes files.
Device Management: Controls I/O devices via drivers.

📖 Key Definitions (Exam‑Ready)

Computer System: Electronic device that processes data into information.
Data Bus: Bi‑directional bus carrying data between CPU and memory.
Address Bus: Uni‑directional bus carrying memory addresses.
Control Bus: Uni‑directional bus carrying control signals.
Data: Raw, unorganized facts.
Information: Organized, meaningful data.
Structured Data: Data stored in predefined format (tables).
Unstructured Data: Data without fixed format (audio, video, text).
Semi‑structured Data: Data with loose structure and tags (XML, JSON).
Microprocessor: CPU on a single chip performing arithmetic, logic, and control.
Microcontroller: CPU + memory + I/O on one chip for specific tasks.
Compiler: Translates entire program into machine code.
Interpreter: Translates one line at a time.
Assembler: Converts assembly language into machine code.
System Software: Software managing hardware (OS, drivers).
Application Software: Software for user tasks (Word, Photoshop).
Operating System (OS): Main system software managing hardware, memory, files, and processes.

Chapter 4: Introduction to Problem Solving

🔹 Problem Solving Process

Analyzing the problem: Identify inputs, outputs, and core functionalities.
Developing an algorithm: Write step‑by‑step instructions in natural language.
Coding: Convert algorithm into program using high‑level language.
Testing & Debugging: Ensure correctness through unit, integration, system, and acceptance testing.

🔹 Algorithm

Definition: A finite sequence of precise steps to solve a problem and produce output.
Characteristics:

Precision – steps clearly defined.
Uniqueness – each step has a unique result.
Finiteness – must stop after finite steps.
Input – accepts data.
Output – produces result.

🔹 Representation of Algorithms

Flowchart: Visual diagram using symbols (terminator, process, decision, input/output, arrows).
Pseudocode: Human‑readable, non‑formal description using keywords (INPUT, COMPUTE, PRINT, IF/ELSE, WHILE).

🔹 Flow of Control

Sequence: Steps executed one after another.
Selection: Conditional branching (if‑else).
Repetition: Loops/iteration (while, for).

🔹 Verification of Algorithms

Dry Run: Simulate algorithm with sample inputs to check correctness.
Helps identify missing details or incorrect steps.

🔹 Comparison of Algorithms

Time Complexity: Processing time required.
Space Complexity: Memory required.
Efficient algorithms minimize both.

🔹 Coding

Writing algorithm in programming language (Python, C, C++).
Source code translated into machine code using compiler/interpreter.
Syntax rules must be followed.

🔹 Decomposition

Breaking complex problems into smaller sub‑problems.
Each sub‑problem solved separately, then integrated.
Saves time and effort, allows teamwork.

📖 Key Definitions (Exam‑Friendly)

Problem Solving: Identifying a problem, designing an algorithm, coding, and testing/debugging.
Algorithm: Finite sequence of precise steps to achieve desired output.
Flowchart: Diagrammatic representation of algorithm using symbols and arrows.
Pseudocode: Human‑readable representation of algorithm, not executable by computer.
Sequence: Execution of steps one after another.
Selection: Conditional branching (if‑else).
Repetition: Looping through steps until condition is met.
Dry Run: Manual simulation of algorithm with sample inputs to verify correctness.
Time Complexity: Measure of time taken by an algorithm.
Space Complexity: Measure of memory used by an algorithm.
Decomposition: Breaking a complex problem into smaller manageable sub‑problems.

🔹 Flowchart Symbols

Symbol	Name	Function
Oval	Start/End (Terminator)	Indicates beginning or end of algorithm.
Rectangle	Process (Action)	Represents a step or computation.
Diamond	Decision	Represents a condition check (Yes/No, True/False).
Parallelogram	Input/Output	Represents data input or output.
Arrow	Connector	Shows direction/flow of control.

🔹 Pseudocode Keywords

INPUT → Accept data from user.
OUTPUT / PRINT → Display result.
COMPUTE → Perform calculation.
IF / ELSE → Conditional branching.
WHILE / FOR → Looping (repetition).
TRUE / FALSE → Boolean values for decisions.
INCREMENT / DECREMENT → Increase or decrease variable value.

Always start and end flowcharts with oval symbols.
Use decision diamonds for conditions (odd/even, age categories).
Pseudocode is not executable, but must be clear and logical.
Keep pseudocode indented and structured for readability.

Part A – Match the Pseudocode with Flowchart Symbols

INPUT num → ?
COMPUTE sum = num1 + num2 → ?
IF num MOD 2 == 0 THEN → ?
PRINT result → ?
Start / End → ?

Part B – Fill in the Blanks

The diamond symbol in a flowchart is used for __________.
The rectangle symbol represents __________.
The parallelogram symbol is used for __________.
The oval symbol indicates __________.
The arrow symbol shows __________.

✅ Answer Key

Part A
1 → Parallelogram (Input/Output)
2 → Rectangle (Process)
3 → Diamond (Decision)
4 → Parallelogram (Input/Output)
5 → Oval (Terminator)

Part B

Decision
Process/Action
Input or Output
Start/End
Flow direction

✅ Sample 2/3/5 Answers

🔹 2 Marks Questions

Algorithm: A finite sequence of precise steps to solve a problem.

Characteristics: Precision, Finiteness. (1+1 marks)

Flowchart vs Pseudocode:

Flowchart: Visual diagram using symbols.
Pseudocode: Human‑readable text description. (1+1 marks)

Dry Run: Manual simulation of algorithm with sample inputs to verify correctness.

Importance: Detects errors/missing steps before coding. (1+1 marks)

Pseudocode for square of a number:

INPUT num
COMPUTE square = num * num
PRINT square

Time: Processing time taken by algorithm.
Space: Memory used by algorithm. (1+1 marks)

🔹 3 Marks Questions

Steps in problem solving:

Analyze problem (inputs/outputs).
Develop algorithm.
Code in programming language. (1+1+1 marks)

Flowchart for odd/even check:

Input number → Decision (num mod 2 == 0?) → Print “Even” / “Odd”. (Diagram + explanation = 3 marks)

Pseudocode for rectangle area & perimeter:

INPUT length, breadth

COMPUTE Area = length * breadth

PRINT Area

COMPUTE Perim = 2 * (length + breadth)

PRINT Perim

Flow of control types:

Sequence: Steps executed one after another.
Selection: Conditional branching (if‑else).
Repetition: Looping until condition met. (1+1+1 marks)

Decomposition: Breaking complex problem into smaller sub‑problems.

Example: Railway reservation system (train info, booking, billing). (2+1 marks)

🔹 5 Marks Questions

Algorithm & Flowchart for average of 5 numbers:

Initialize count=0, sum=0.
Loop 5 times: Input number, add to sum, increment count.
Compute average = sum/5.
Print average. (Steps + diagram = 5 marks)

Types of software testing:

Unit testing: individual components.
Integration testing: combined modules.
System testing: whole system.
Acceptance testing: user requirements. (1+1+1+2 marks)

Flowchart vs Pseudocode comparison:

Flowchart: Visual, easy for non‑programmers, shows flow clearly.
Pseudocode: Textual, easier to modify, closer to coding.
Both useful; pseudocode better for programmers, flowchart better for non‑programmers. (5 marks)

Age categorization pseudocode:

INPUT Age

IF Age < 13 THEN PRINT "Child"

ELSE IF Age < 20 THEN PRINT "Teenager"

ELSE PRINT "Adult"

Dry run example:

Algorithm to add times (hours + minutes).
Input T1=4h50m, T2=2h20m → initial result 6h70m (incorrect).
Correction: If minutes ≥ 60, add 1 hour and subtract 60 from minutes.
Verified result = 7h10m. (Explanation + correction = 5 marks)

Chapter 5: Getting Started with Python

🔹 Introduction to Python

· Python: High‑level, interpreted, object‑oriented programming language developed by Guido van Rossum (1991).

· Owned by: Python Software Foundation (PSF).

· Features: Simple syntax, portable, extensible, open‑source, supports multiple paradigms (procedural, object‑oriented).

· Advantages: Easy to learn, large libraries, cross‑platform.

· Disadvantages: Slower than compiled languages, not ideal for mobile apps.

🔹 Programming Language Basics

· Program: Ordered set of instructions executed by computer.

· Machine Language: 0s and 1s, hard for humans.

· High‑Level Languages: Python, C++, Java — easier for humans but need translation.

· Translators: Compiler (whole program), Interpreter (line by line). Python uses interpreter.

🔹 Execution Modes:

o Interactive Mode: Commands executed immediately (REPL).

o Script Mode: Writing code in a file (.py) and running it.

🔹 First Program

· Example:

· print("Hello World")

· Demonstrates Python’s simplicity and direct execution.

🔹 Python Basics

· Identifiers: Names for variables/functions (must follow rules).

· Keywords: Reserved words (e.g., if, else, while, def).

· Variables: Store values; dynamically typed in Python.

· Data Types: int, float, str, bool, list, tuple, dict.

· Operators: Arithmetic (+, -, *, /), relational (==, !=, >), logical (and, or, not).

🔹 Input and Output

· Input: input() function to take user data.

· Output: print() function to display results.

🔹 Errors in Python

· Syntax Errors: Violation of language rules.

· Runtime Errors: Errors during execution (e.g., division by zero).

· Logical Errors: Incorrect logic, wrong output.

📖 Key Definitions (Exam‑Friendly)

· Python: High‑level, interpreted programming language.

· Interpreter: Translates code line by line.

· Interactive Mode: Executes commands immediately.

· Script Mode: Executes code stored in a file.

· Identifier: Name given to variables/functions.

· Keyword: Reserved word with special meaning.

· Variable: Named storage for data.

· Data Type: Classification of data (int, float, str, etc.).

· Operator: Symbol performing operations on data.

· Syntax Error: Mistake in code structure.

· Runtime Error: Error during program execution.

· Logical Error: Wrong logic leading to incorrect output.

List of 5 advantages and 5 disadvantages of Python.

✅ Advantages of Python

1. Easy to Learn & Readable – Simple syntax close to English, beginner‑friendly.

2. Interpreted Language – Executes line by line, making debugging easier.

3. Cross‑Platform – Runs on Windows, Linux, macOS without modification.

4. Large Standard Library – Rich modules for web, data science, AI, networking, etc.

5. Supports Multiple Paradigms – Procedural, object‑oriented, and functional programming.

❌ Disadvantages of Python

1. Slower Execution – Interpreted nature makes it slower than compiled languages like C/C++.

2. High Memory Usage – Not ideal for memory‑intensive tasks.

3. Weak in Mobile Development – Limited use in mobile app programming.

4. Runtime Errors – Dynamic typing can lead to unexpected bugs.

5. Database Access Limitations – Less robust compared to languages like Java for complex database applications.

📝 Rules for Identifiers in Python

1. Allowed Characters

o Identifiers can contain letters (A–Z, a–z), digits (0–9), and underscore (_).

2. Cannot Start with a Digit

o Example: 123name ❌

o Correct: name123 ✅

3. Case‑Sensitive

o Name, name, and NAME are treated as different identifiers.

4. No Special Characters

o Symbols like @, $, %, #, ! are not allowed.

5. No Keywords

o Reserved words like if, else, while, class, def cannot be used as identifiers.

6. Underscore Usage

o Identifiers can start with _ (often used for private variables).

7. Length

o No fixed length limit, but identifiers should be meaningful and readable.

✅ Examples

· Valid: student_name, marks123, _value

· Invalid: 123marks, student-name, if, total$amount

Operators

Study from PDF material

Sample 2/3/5 Answers

🔹 2 Marks Questions

Q1. List any two features of Python.
Ans:

· Easy to learn and simple syntax.

· Cross‑platform and portable.

Q2. Difference between interactive mode and script mode in Python.
Ans:

· Interactive Mode: Executes commands line by line immediately (REPL).

· Script Mode: Executes code written in a file (.py)

Q3. Define identifier and give two examples.
Ans:

· Identifier: Name given to variables/functions.

· Examples: student_name, marks123.
(1+1 marks)

Q4. Role of print() function.
Ans:

· Displays output on the screen.

· Example: print("Hello World").

🔹 3 Marks Questions

Q1. Difference between compiler and interpreter (Python context).
Ans:

· Compiler: Translates whole program at once.

· Interpreter: Translates line by line.

· Python uses interpreter.
(1+1+1 marks)

Q2. Program to find square of a number.

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

square = num * num

print("Square =", square)

(Correct logic + input + output = 3 marks)

Q3. List three types of errors in Python with examples.
Ans:

· Syntax Error: print "Hello" ❌

· Runtime Error: Division by zero.

· Logical Error: Wrong formula used.
(1+1+1 marks)

Q4. Difference between keywords and identifiers.
Ans:

· Keywords: Reserved words (e.g., if, else, while).

· Identifiers: User‑defined names (e.g., marks, student_name).

· Keywords cannot be used as identifiers.
(1+1+1 marks)

🔹 5 Marks Questions

Q1. Program to accept two numbers and display sum, difference, product, quotient.

a = int(input("Enter first number: "))

b = int(input("Enter second number: "))

print("Sum =", a + b)

print("Difference =", a - b)

print("Product =", a * b)

print("Quotient =", a / b)

(Input + operations + output = 5 marks)

Q2. Five advantages and five disadvantages of Python.
Advantages: Easy syntax, interpreted, cross‑platform, large libraries, supports multiple paradigms.
Disadvantages: Slower execution, high memory use, weak in mobile apps, runtime errors due to dynamic typing, limited database support.
(5+5 points = 5 marks)

Q3. Rules for identifiers in Python with examples.
Ans:

· Can contain letters, digits, underscore.

· Cannot start with digit.

· Case‑sensitive.

· No special characters.

· Cannot use keywords.

· Examples: Valid → student_name, Invalid → 123marks.
(Rules + examples = 5 marks)

Q4. Program to calculate area and perimeter of rectangle.

length = int(input("Enter length: "))

breadth = int(input("Enter breadth: "))

area = length * breadth

perimeter = 2 * (length + breadth)

print("Area =", area)

print("Perimeter =", perimeter)

(Input + formula + output = 5 marks)

📘 Chapter 6 – Flow of Control (Summary)

🔹 Flow of Control

Definition: The order in which program statements are executed.
Types of control structures in Python:

Selection / Decision / Branching
Repetition / Looping / Iteration

1️⃣ Selection / Branching

if statement

Syntax:

if condition:

statement(s)

Example:

age = 18

if age >= 18:

print("Eligible to vote")

if‑else statement

Syntax:

if condition:

statement(s)

else:

statement(s)

Example:

age = 16

if age >= 18:

print("Eligible to vote")

else:

print("Not eligible to vote")

if‑elif‑else statement

Syntax:

if condition:

statement(s)

elif condition:

statement(s)

else:

statement(s)

Example:

num = 0

if num > 0:

print("Positive")

elif num < 0:

print("Negative")

else:

print("Zero")

2️⃣ Indentation

Definition: Leading whitespace (spaces/tabs) groups statements into blocks.
Syntax Example:

if age >= 18:

print("Eligible") # Block 1

else:

print("Not eligible") # Block 2

3️⃣ Repetition / Looping

for loop

Syntax:

for control_variable in sequence:

statement(s)

Example:

for letter in "PYTHON":

print(letter)

while loop

Syntax:

while condition:

statement(s)

Example:

count = 1

while count <= 5:

print(count)

count += 1

4️⃣ range() Function

Syntax:

range([start], stop[, step])

Examples:

print(list(range(5))) # [0,1,2,3,4]

print(list(range(2,10))) # [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]

print(list(range(0,30,5))) # [0,5,10,15,20,25]

print(list(range(0,-5,-1))) # [0,-1,-2,-3,-4]

5️⃣ Loop Control Statements

break

Syntax:

for i in range(5):

if i == 3:

break

print(i)

Output: 0, 1, 2

continue

Syntax:

for i in range(5):

if i == 2:

continue

print(i)

Output: 0, 1, 3, 4

6️⃣ Nested Loops

Nested for loop

for i in range(2):

for j in range(2):

print(i, j)

Nested while loop

i = 1

while i <= 2:

j = 1

while j <= 2:

print(i, j)

j += 1

i += 1

✅ Quick Recap

Selection: if, if‑else, if‑elif‑else
Indentation: mandatory for blocks
Loops: for, while
range(): generates integer sequences
Control: break (exit loop), continue (skip iteration)
Nested loops: loop inside another loop

✅ Sample 2/3/5 Answers

✨ Sample 2‑Mark Questions

Q1. What is flow of control in Python?
A: Flow of control is the order in which program statements are executed. It is managed using control structures like selection and looping.
Q2. Name the two types of control structures in Python.
A:

Selection / Decision / Branching
Repetition / Looping / Iteration

Q3. What is indentation in Python?
A: Indentation refers to leading whitespace at the beginning of a statement. Python uses indentation to group statements into blocks, and incorrect indentation causes errors.

✨ Sample 3‑Mark Questions

Q1. Differentiate between for loop and while loop.
A:

for loop: Executes a block of code for a known number of iterations (over a range or sequence).
while loop: Executes repeatedly until a condition becomes false.
If the condition is false initially, while loop body may not execute even once.

Q2. Explain the use of break and continue statements with examples.
A:

break: Exits the loop immediately.
Example:
for i in range(5):
if i == 3:
break
print(i)
continue: Skips current iteration and moves to next.
Example:
for i in range(5):
if i == 2:
continue
print(i)

Q3. Write the syntax of if‑elif‑else statement.
A:
if condition:
statements
elif condition:
statements
else:
statements

✨ Sample 5‑Mark Questions

Q1. Explain the range() function with examples.
A:

range() generates a sequence of integers.
Syntax: range([start], stop[, step])
Examples:

range(10) → [0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
range(2,10) → [2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9]
range(0,30,5) → [0,5,10,15,20,25]
range(0,-9,-1) → [0,-1,-2,-3,-4,-5,-6,-7,-8]

Q2. Explain nested loops with examples.
A:

A loop inside another loop is called a nested loop.
Example 1: Nested for loop
for i in range(2):
for j in range(2):
print(i, j)
Example 2: Nested while loop
i = 1
while i <= 2:
j = 1
while j <= 2:
print(i, j)
j += 1
i += 1
Nested loops can combine for and while.

Q3. Draw and explain the flowchart of a for loop.
A:

Steps:

1. Start → Initialization

2. Test expression

3. If true → execute loop body → update control variable

4. Repeat until condition false

5. Exit loop → execute following statements → Stop

📘 Python Exam – One Page Revision Notes

Chapter 1: Computer System

Buses:
- Data Bus → Bi-directional (data transfer)
- Address Bus → Uni-directional (memory addresses)
- Control Bus → Uni-directional (control signals)
Data vs Information:
- Data = raw facts; Information = processed, meaningful data
Types of Data: Structured (tables), Unstructured (audio/video), Semi-structured (XML/JSON)
Microprocessor: CPU on a chip; Generations → 1st (Intel 8080) → 5th (64-bit, multicore)
Specifications: Word size, Memory size, Clock speed, Cores
Microcontroller: CPU + RAM + ROM + I/O on one chip (used in appliances)
Software Types: System (OS, drivers), Application (Word, Photoshop), Programming tools (compiler, IDE)
OS Functions: Process, Memory, File, Device management

Chapter 4: Problem Solving

Steps: Analyze → Algorithm → Code → Test/Debug
Algorithm: Finite, precise steps → must have input & output
Representations: Flowchart (symbols), Pseudocode (keywords: INPUT, PRINT, IF, WHILE)
Flow of Control: Sequence, Selection (if-else), Repetition (loops)
Verification: Dry run with sample inputs
Complexity: Time (speed), Space (memory)
Decomposition: Break big problems into smaller ones

Flowchart Symbols:
Oval = Start/End | Rectangle = Process | Diamond = Decision | Parallelogram = I/O | Arrow = Flow

Chapter 5: Python Basics

Python: High-level, interpreted, object-oriented (1991, Guido van Rossum, PSF)
Modes: Interactive (REPL), Script (.py file)
Identifiers Rules: Letters, digits, underscore; not start with digit; case-sensitive; no keywords/special chars
Data Types: int, float, str, bool, list, tuple, dict
Operators: Arithmetic (+,-,*,/), Relational (==, !=, >), Logical (and, or, not)
Errors: Syntax (rules), Runtime (execution), Logical (wrong logic)
Advantages: Easy syntax, interpreted, cross-platform, large libraries, multiple paradigms
Disadvantages: Slower, high memory use, weak in mobile apps, runtime bugs, limited DB support

Chapter 6: Flow of Control

Selection:
- if → single condition
- if-else → two-way branching
- if-elif-else → multiple conditions
Indentation: Mandatory for blocks
Loops:
- for → known iterations
- while → until condition false
range(): Generates integer sequences → range(start, stop, step)
Loop Control:
- break → exit loop
- continue → skip iteration
Nested Loops: Loop inside another loop

⚡ Quick Formulas & Programs

Rectangle Area = length × breadth
Rectangle Perimeter = 2 × (length + breadth)
Average of 5 numbers = sum ÷ 5
Odd/Even Check → if num % 2 == 0

Sample Program (Sum, Difference, Product, Quotient):

a = int(input("Enter first number: "))
b = int(input("Enter second number: "))
print("Sum =", a+b)
print("Difference =", a-b)
print("Product =", a*b)
print("Quotient =", a/b)

Python Syllabus Mind Map (Text-Based)

Computer System

                         [Computer System]
                                |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
   |                 |                   |                        |
[Buses]         [Data Types]       [Microprocessor]        [Software]
   |                 |                   |                        |
Data Bus        Structured Generations 1–5 System (OS, Drivers)
Address Bus   Unstructured Specs: Word size, Application (Word, Photoshop)
Control Bus    Semi-structured Clock speed, Cores   Programming Tools (Compiler, IDE)
                |                                           |
Data Handling (Capture, Store, Retrieve, Delete)   OS Functions (Process, Memory, File, Device)

Problem Solving

                         [Problem Solving]
                                |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
   |                 |                   |                        |
[Algorithm]     [Representation]    [Flow of Control]       [Verification]
   |                 |                   |                        |
Characteristics   Flowchart Symbols   Sequence, Selection, Dry Run
Precision Pseudocode Repetition Complexity (Time/Space)
Finiteness INPUT/OUTPUT        | Decomposition
Input/Output IF/ELSE, WHILE      Example: Odd/Even

Python Basics

                         [Python Basics]
                                |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
   |                 |                   |                        |
[Language]      [Identifiers]       [Errors]                [Advantages/Disadvantages]
   |                 |                   |                        |
High-level        Rules: letters,   Syntax Error + Easy syntax
Interpreted       digits, _, no      Runtime Error          + Cross-platform
Modes:            keywords, case  Logical Error + Libraries
Interactive       sensitive - Slower
Script - High memory
- Weak in mobile apps

Flow of Control in Python

                         [Flow of Control in Python]
                                |
   -----------------------------------------------------------------
   |                 |                   |                        |
[Selection]     [Indentation]       [Loops]                 [Loop Control]
   |                 |                   |                        |
if, if-else,     Mandatory for for loop (known) break (exit loop)
if-elif-else     blocks              while loop (condition) continue (skip iteration)
range() function

Nested loops

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pupythonnotes

I PU Python 50 Marks Package - Theory - UPDATED

📘 Python Exam – One Page Revision Notes

Chapter 1: Computer System

Chapter 4: Problem Solving

Chapter 5: Python Basics

Chapter 6: Flow of Control

⚡ Quick Formulas & Programs

Python Syllabus Mind Map (Text-Based)

Computer System

Problem Solving

Python Basics

Flow of Control in Python

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